Ore sampling method and sampling specifications (1)

Sampling, processing, and laboratory work are important means to guide prospecting exploration and determine the industrial value of the deposit. The purpose is to determine the content of useful components and harmful impurities in ore by the analysis of samples, to define the boundary between ore and rock, to grasp the quality of ore, and to understand the variation of chemical composition between ore body and surrounding rock. To provide information for summarizing the laws of mineralization. Proper sampling, reasonable processing of samples, and accurate analysis of sample composition are key tasks in completing a prospecting mission. At present, in the work of sampling and processing, lack of experience and summary, the mature set of experience has not yet been summarized, it is necessary to strengthen the research of experimental methods and the exploration of new technologies and methods in the future. The contents listed in this reference must be further improved in the work, and refer to the application according to the specific circumstances of the work object. (1) The sampling method for determining the sampling method, especially the sampling method in mountain engineering, depends on two aspects: geological factors and economic effects: Geological factors: First, we must consider the uniformity of the mineral distribution of the main useful components, while taking into account the mineral distribution of the components. The mineral distribution state is generally reflected in various mineral (rock) stone structures and structures. In the case of beneficial, harmful components, ore (rock) stone structure and simple structure, continuous picking method can be used; block or fine veined rock ore can be selected by small-scale groove method or other methods; For uniformity, the method of sampling area such as square method, stripping method or full lane method is adopted; and some ore with useful mineral particles and uneven composition should only use the whole lane method. Secondly, it is necessary to consider the scale and occurrence of the ore body, such as the scheelite ore in the skarn, the nickel ore in the basic rock, the ore sac, etc. It is advisable to use the all-pass method or the stripping method, especially in this category. Ore body. When the thickness is smaller than the tunnel section, the stripping method is more suitable than the whole lane method, which avoids the depletion caused by the inclusion of the surrounding rock into the sample. 2. Economic effects: Under the same geological effects, try to choose a simple sampling method with low cost, high efficiency and light labor intensity. In addition, the purpose requirements and technical equipment status in each stage of prospecting exploration are also factors that should be considered when selecting sampling methods. The current analytical technology is gradually developing from chemical analysis to instrumental analysis, and the weight of the sample is also more or less. Therefore, how to adopt a sampling method with strong representativeness and simple sampling is a new subject to be explored. (2) Various sampling methods 1. At present, the sampling method used in mountain engineering has three categories for the scope of ore body exposure in mountain engineering: (1) â€œLine typeâ€: including picking block method, groove method, and eye-cut method; (2) â€œface typeâ€ : including grid method, engraving method and stripping method; (3) "body type": including all lane method, engraving method and extraction method. The scope of application, specific practices and requirements of the various methods are set out in Schedule 1 to Schedule 1.

Sampling method	Scope of application	Specific practice	Advantages and issues to be aware of	Remarks
1	2	3	4	5
Grooving	The application range is the most extensive, but the application is limited in the following cases: (1) mineral deposits with extremely uneven ore material composition, mineral deposits with coarse or crystalline aggregates of useful minerals, such as Weipinyan deposits and nodular ore deposits. (2) The mineral composition of the ore, soft and hard, brittle and toughness is very different, or has a special structure. When sampling, it is easy to form more powder and chips, which may cause selective depletion or enrichment, for example, by soft matter cemented gravel ores (gold-containing conglomerate and the like); (3) ore test object, in addition to the identification of taste there are other requirements, such as particle size must identify minerals in the natural state or level of granularity, respectively Identify its group	That is, a linear sample groove of a certain specification is engraved in the ore, and the cross section is a rectangle or a triangle (usually a rectangle). The section specifications are based on the uniformity of the ore material composition. When selecting the section specifications, please refer to the attached table III~2.	Advantages: 1. Have a good representation. 2. The operation is still simple. Points to note: 1. Reasonable specifications. 2. The section size must be guaranteed during sampling. 3. Make sure the original weight.
Continuous picking method	It is mainly used for deposits with simple ore type and relatively uniform grade, such as limestone, dolomite, etc. Some metal deposits have proved that the effect is the same as that of the groove method, and should be promoted.	Along the sampling line. Collect irregularly shaped ore blocks in roughly the same section, and combine the ore blocks within a certain sampling length into one sample. The ore blocks should be collected continuously. The same sample should be kept in the same section.	Advantages: 1. efficient. 2. low cost. Points to note: 1. All ore within the sampling range should be collected and cannot be discarded. 2. The weight of the sample should be roughly equivalent to the weight of the groove of a similar specification.	The law is also called the line mining method or the rope mining method.
Discontinuous picking method	1. System discontinuous picking method: Applicable to the census stage, or the evaluation and exploration of mineral deposits with very uniform grade.	1. Along the sampling line, at equal intervals, intermittently but systematically collect samples of substantially equal volume, and the individual pieces of the same sample are combined into one sample.	Points to note: 1. Commonly used sample blocks are 10 cm apart. Depending on the actual situation of the deposit. 2. When a sample at a sampling point is split into pieces, it needs to be collected to ensure that the samples are equal in volume. 3. The initial weight of the sample should be equivalent to one-half to one-third of the specification.	It has been used abroad for the exploration of mineral deposits with uniform to medium uniformity.
	2. Unsystematic picking method: Applicable to the survey and survey of ore with a relatively uniform grade.
		2. Collect one or several pieces as a sample at one sampling point (by ore body or by ore type).

Schedule 2

1	2	3	4
Eye-opening	1. In the case of large ore body thickness, less stone, and stable grade, after experiment, it can be used as the main sampling method for penetrating tunnel. 2. When digging along the vein tunnel in a thick ore body, it can be used as an auxiliary means for sampling the face, and sampling the sides of the face to expand the control of the thickness of the ore body.	When the tunnel is drilled, the dust collector is used to collect rock powder, cuttings, or rock mud as a sample. Use a single blasthole or a set of cannons as a sample; the depth of the blasthole is the length of the specimen	Advantages: 1. Can be combined with pit construction. 2. Simple processing. Points to note: 1. It is not easy to divide the sampling segment correctly; 2. Rock powder and cuttings should be recycled as much as possible. Wet drilling should use multi-stage sedimentation equipment to absorb rock mud. 3. Although it is rarely used in current evaluation and exploration. But need to strengthen research, pay attention to promotion
Square method	1. It is not limited by the degree of uniformity of the grade: the checker method of complex veins, spots, and agglomerates is more representative than the groove method; Various forms of ore bodies other than thin ore bodies can be used. 3. When the ore joint fissure is extremely developed, the square method has a better effect than the groove method. However, the mineral components in the ore are soft and hard, and the brittle toughness is very different. The sampling is easy to become artificially depleted and enriched by powder, which is restricted.	1. In the exposed surface of the ore body in the project, the length of the sample is the length of the net, and the width of the net is wide (or smaller than the width of the exposing) to draw a square grid (square, rectangular or diamond). 2. Samples of equal volume are taken at the intersection of the center points of the grids or at the intersections of the grids. 3. Each spot is combined and is a sample. A general deposit consists of 20 to 50 points.	Advantages: Strong adaptability, wide representative and high efficiency. Points to note: 1. The shape of the grid depends on the variation of the composition of the material, such as strip-shaped ore, using a rectangular mesh, a diamond-shaped mesh, so that the long axis of the mesh runs parallel to the strip. 2. The size of the sampling surface, the density of the grid, and the weight of the specimen depend on the grade change. The test should be consistent and the same deposit should be consistent. 3. For fragile ore, keep the sample weights equal to each sample point. Sample original weight 5 ~ 20 kg
Marking method	1. After application of the test quartz vein type, skarn hydrothermal molybdenum and lead-zinc ore, the same effect as the groove method; 2. In other types of deposits, it may also be applied. The problem is to use suitable number of reticle lines, scribe line sections and their spacing.	1. Arrange 6 scribe lines in the direction of the parallel sampling center line, and sample the center line at the center line between the 3rd and 4th lines; The line spacing is 10 cm, and the 6 lines include a sampling surface width of 50 cm. Within this range, the convex and concave are not more than 4 cm, and the sampling surface can be soothing and undulating, but the undulation does not exceed 20 cm; The scribe line has a triangular cross section with a base width and depth of 2 cm.	Advantages: 1. Reflecting the ore body shape is more accurate; 2. Simple operation, high work efficiency and low cost; The dust concentration is small. Points to note: 1. Do not offset the line, the spacing is equal, and take straight; 2. When the ore is soft and hard, adjust the angle of the sample and the strength of the hammer. When the sample is splashed, it should be reset before deciding. 3. When the thickness of the ore body is too small, the initial weight of the sample is too small, the section is enlarged or the number of lines is increased. .

Schedule 3

1	2	3	4
Stripping method	1. Suitable for extremely uneven deposits, such as special metal fine veins; fine veined ore bodies with very chaotic or different density of veins; pegmatite deposits with coarse crystals; The grooved sample is narrow because the vein is not up to the required weight; When other methods cannot provide reliable evaluation information; 4. Check the correctness of sampling by other methods (except for the full lane method).	In the exposed part of the ore body in the project, peel off a layer of flat ore as a sample, the sample length is the thickness of the ore body (the thicker ore body does not exceed 1-2 meters), the sample depth is generally 5 to 15 cm, and the width is generally 0.5 to 1 Rice (or the entire exposed surface)	Advantages: high correctness. Problems to be aware of: The sampling surface is basically flat and the sampling depth is different.
All lane method	1. It is suitable for deposits with extremely uneven ore body components, such as gold-bearing conglomerate and pegmatite-type beryl deposits; other sampling methods are not fully representative when using the whole lane method; Verify the quality of other sampling methods; 3. Test the pulverization processing K value coefficient; 4. Collect physical property test samples, processing technology test samples, and measure body weight, blockiness, looseness coefficient, etc.	All ore obtained from the pits (or exploratory wells) excavated in the ore body shall be taken as samples; or continuously sampled according to a certain length (such as 2 meters), or sampled at a certain interval (such as 2 to 5) at a length equal to the spacing.	Points to be aware of: 1. The ore can be taken as a sample for each or several excavation paragraphs (or shifts) in accordance with the progress of the project. The length of the sample is equal to one or several tunneling sections. 2. Through the test, it can be reduced at the scene, a number of shovel left a shovel or a number of vehicles to leave a car, etc., to determine the sample delivery
Block method	Same as above, but mostly used in the above items 2, 3, and 4. In the absence of tunneling, instead of the full lane method sampling.	According to the length of the sample of 0.5 Ã— 0.5 ~ 1 Ã— 1 ~ 1.5 Ã— 1.5, or 0.53 ~ 13 ~ 1.5. Engraving samples	Problems to be aware of: Ensure the size of the block, the six faces should be leveled as much as possible, and the angle of intersection should be as orthogonal as possible to prevent the block from falling apart.
Capture method	Used in loose ore or slag	Similar to the grid method, sampling from the heap in front of the head or on the ore that carries the ore. Spread the wire mesh with a certain shape and mesh distance on the pile, collect the samples of the same volume in the grid, and collect them as one sample.	Advantages: easy to operate, high representative. Points to note: 1. The length of the sample in the vein pit is combined with the required sample length to consider the spacing of the slag from each blast. Along the vein pit, sample at a blasting slag according to a certain sampling interval. 2. The mesh density and the weight of the sample are determined according to the specific grade. 3. The project must be excavated in the mine to prevent it from being mixed into the surrounding rock and depleted. 4. The ratio of lump ore and fines in the sample should be equal to the ratio in the heap.

2. The most commonly used dichotomy in drilling engineering: (1) Sampling method: perpendicular to the core (marker surface) of the ore (rock) and divided into two halves along the long axis, half retained. Half of the sample (the pieces and the chips must be divided into two). In order to ensure the quality, the shearing machine is used when the time is divided. The length of the core sampling and the method of dividing the sample are the same as the sampling of the groove. But should be combined with the lifting interval. Steeply inclined deposits can be lengthened appropriately. Mine (rock) cores with different calibers or mines (rocks) with a difference of 10 to 15% or more should not be combined into one sample. (2) The difference between the sample weight and the theoretical weight should not exceed 20% to prevent leakage or collapse. (3) When the mine (rock) core adoption rate does not meet the specified requirements, in addition to taking the mine (rock) heart, it is necessary to collect cuttings and rock powder. The ore (rock) heart sample and the rock powder sample should be divided into two samples, which are processed and tested separately. Steel particles should be released from the drilling steel particles in the sample, a sample of iron ore, metallic iron should be analyzed. For samples of rock dust cuttings, it should be noted that the rock dust debris remaining in the upper section of the footage is not mixed. If the hole wall is severely broken, the rock dust cuttings cannot be collected. Under normal circumstances, the chemical analysis results of rock dust cuttings are only used as a reference for delineating ore bodies, and do not participate in the calculation of average grade. (4) After sampling, the retained cores shall be numbered on the basis of the original core number and stored in the core box in order. (3) Problems to be noted in sampling arrangement and sampling 1. Technical requirements when arranging samples: (1) There is no sketch, and the sampling section cannot be divided; Core sampling: no deep correction, adjustment of residual core, determination of layer depth, calculation of layer-by-layer rate and indoor catalogue, cannot be divided Sampling section. (2) Different grades and different ore types, except for those less than the thickness of the interlayer, shall be divided into sampling sections. (3) The sampling line should be cut through the whole ore body. In addition, at least one or two samples are taken from each of the surrounding rock of the upper and lower plates of the ore body. The interlayers larger than the thickness of the stone are to be sampled separately, and the thin ones are full thickness and thick, and one or two samples are taken in the adjacent ore bodies. If the thickness is less than the stone removal, the ore body is continuously sampled. The mineralized interlayer of the open mining bed and the surrounding rock of the mineralized upper plate (very poor ore) should be continuously sampled. (4) When determining the sampling position in the prospecting project, care should be taken to make the samples of the same mine section end to end. (5) The sampling line should be arranged strictly according to a certain straight line (center line, horizontal line of a certain height, normal line of vertical ore body and other specified straight lines). Avoid artificial enrichment and depletion during sampling. (6) Regardless of the method used, in a deposit (mine body). The sample arrangement, sample size, sample length determination principle, and sampling distance along the vein should be consistent. (7) In a deposit, all common analysis and sampling of different projects shall be uniformly numbered, and samples of other nature shall be numbered separately. (8) The processes should be closely linked, and the project should be completed, and then recorded, sampled and sampled in time to avoid sampling due to the collapse of the well and the support of the tunnel. 2. Determination of the length of the sample: (1) The length of the sample depends on the complexity of the type of ore, the thickness of the ore body and the uniformity of mineralization. If the ore body is thick, the mineralization is uniform, and the ore type is simple, the sampling length should be larger. (2) The length of the sample in the same mining area should be basically the same. If the length of the sample exceeds one-half of the specified length, it can be divided into another sample. If it is less than one-half of the specified length, it can be combined with the previous sample. Inside.

Mineral	Section specification (cm)	Sample length (m)
Iron, manganese, chromium copper lead, zinc, tin nickel (nickel sulfide) nickel (nickel silicate) antimony, mercury vein gold tungsten, tin, beryllium, niobium, tantalum,	5Ã—2â€”10Ã—5 5Ã—2â€”10Ã—5 5Ã—2â€”10Ã—5 5Ã—2â€”10Ã—5 5Ã—2â€”10Ã—5 5Ã—2â€”10Ã—5 5Ã—3â€”10Ã—5 5 Ã—3â€”10Ã—5 10Ã—3â€”20Ã—5 5Ã—3â€”10Ã—5 10Ã—3â€”20Ã—5 5Ã—3â€”20Ã—5	1 -2 1 - 2 1 - 2-4 1 - 2 1 - 2-4 1-2 1-2 Less than 0.5 - 0.5 Less than 2 1 - 2 0.5 - 2 1 - 2

Table III-2 Commonly used engraved sections and length tables of major metal minerals

Mineral	Section specification (cm)	Sample length (m)
Magnesite, dolomite limestone quartzite kaolin clay fluorite	5Ã—3â€”10Ã—5 5Ã—2â€”10Ã—5 5Ã—2â€”10Ã—5 10Ã—5 10Ã—5â€”10Ã—10 10Ã—5â€”10Ã—10 l0Ã—5	2â€”5 0.5â€”2 0.5 a 1 1â€”2 0.5 a 1 0.5 a 1 0.25â€”1

Note: The sample length of the above two tables is generally applicable to other sampling methods except for special instructions. (3) When determining the length of the sample, the minimum recoverable thickness and the thickness of the stone removed shall be referred to the industrial technical specifications. The thin ore body can also be the thickness of the ore body as the length of the sample. (4) Initial work. The length of the sample can be shorter. After the test or practical experience, the length of the sample is appropriately enlarged as needed. Schedules III 2 and 3 can be used as a reference for determining the length of the sample at the beginning of the work. 3. The determination of the sampling position in the mountain project, except for the special instructions, is as follows: (1) The sampling of the trench, the steeply inclined ore body or the ore body with a large thickness are generally taken on the center line of the bottom of the trough, gently inclined The thin ore layer can be taken on the tank. In the vein trench, generally at the bottom of the trench, the vertical ore body is sampled at a certain interval (the spacing is the same as the vein tunnel). (2) Shallow well sampling: The sampling line is determined according to the degree of mineralization. It is arranged on one wall or opposite walls of a shallow well, and the mineralized complex is sampled by four walls. Steeply inclined deposits, if necessary, downhole sampling. (3) Sink sampling: 1 In the vein tunnel, if the thickness of the ore body is smaller than the tunnel section: the steeply inclined ore body can arrange horizontal sampling lines at a certain height on the advancing face surface at a certain interval; True thickness sampling (sampling on the state or on the face). When it is impossible to sample on the face of the tunnel when tunneling, it is also possible to sample at the same distance on the top or bottom of the vertical tunnel or the ore body. When the mineralization is uneven, shovel equality measures should be taken to eliminate the artificial enrichment or depletion caused by the arc of the roof. In the case of uneven mineralization, it is necessary to cooperate with the tunnel construction technical measures, try to use the forward face sampling as much as possible to avoid the shortcomings of sampling at other locations, and also facilitate the timely sketching and guidance of the prospecting project. When the thickness of the ore body is larger than the tunnel section, the horizontal sampling line is generally arranged, and the pulsed tunnel or the horizontal drill in the pit or the eye-catching method is used for sampling. 2 In the vein tunnel, the sampling line position is generally arranged in a state of the tunnel or one meter high in the two states, and is generally maintained at a level. Vertical ore body sampling can be considered when different types of ore intersect at different angles to form an interbed. When the ore grade changes greatly, the ore should be sampled separately by the two states, and then combined for processing and testing. When the type of ore in the two states is different, or the thickness of the ore body changes greatly, the test is processed separately. When the ore type of the two states is the same, the thickness of the ore body and the grade of the ore change little, and it can be sampled in one state. 3 blind wells, patios, shafts, and inclined wells are all sampled in horizontal or true thickness in a state or in two states. However, for gently inclined ore bodies, they can be sampled in the vertical direction. 4. Sampling spacing problem: The sampling spacing along the vein mountain project depends on the degree of mineralization uniformity. It can generally be determined by analogy with empirical figures. The sampling interval test should be carried out during the evaluation and exploration work. The empirical values â€‹â€‹of the sampling interval along the vein in China's exploration work are as follows: Copper, lead, zinc, nickel (nickel sulfide), molybdenum: spacing 2 to 10 meters. Tungsten, tin, antimony, mercury, antimony, bismuth, antimony: spacing 2 to 5 meters. Table III-4

Mineral	Exploration tunnel (m)	Mining tunnel (m)
Polymetallic, copper, pyrite arsenic , cinnabar molybdenum, tungsten, tin, pulse gold, nickel sulfide	1-2-4 1.5-2 1.5-2.5 1.5-2.5	5-10 4-6 4-8
Bauxite	10-20 (ground trough type) 10 (ground type)
Mercury, antimony	1.5-2.5

5. Technical measures and requirements for ensuring the sampling quality of mountainous projects: (1) The sampling work surface should be cleaned and straightened without prominent edges and corners. (2) For the groove method, the engraving method, the stripping method, and the engraving method (if necessary, the grid method), the sampling surface should be covered with canvas and placed around the sampling surface, and no gap should be left. To avoid scattering of the sample. Adjacent work surfaces shall be isolated. For other sampling methods, it is also necessary to strictly prevent leakage, collapse or foreign matter. (3) The working face must be cleaned before sampling, and should not be mixed with rocks, ores and dirt outside the scope of the sample. The exfoliated bit debris must be removed immediately. After a sample is taken, the mineral (rock) dust adhering to the tool such as the canvas pad must be cleaned and placed in the sample bag. (4) Sampling should be strictly in accordance with the sample specifications. The groove method must be checked in time with the desert plate; the triangular section of the scribe line method should be regular; the square method should be strictly sampled according to the grid, and the sample size (or weight) should be consistent; the continuous block selection method should ensure the section specifications and the sample block are continuous; The system's discontinuous picking method should ensure that the sample size or weight is consistent and the spacing is equal; the block method is basically rectangular or square. The sample cannot be artificially enriched and depleted. When sampling, you can't make a conscious choice. You can't deliberately avoid poverty. You can't get rid of impurities, you can't avoid it. (5) All methods must ensure a certain initial weight of the sample. The relative error between the initial weight and the theoretical weight of the groove method, the stripping method and the engraved method is generally not more than 10% and the maximum is not more than 20%. The eye-opening method generally does not exceed 20%, and the maximum does not exceed 25%. If it exceeds, it must be reworked. (IV) Sampling method and sampling specification test There are two basic methods for determining sampling methods and specifications (including sampling specifications, sampling length, sampling spacing), namely: 1. Analogy: The sampling method and specifications are determined based on empirical data or comparisons with similar deposits. Generally, the analogy is used when the deposit (or region) starts working. For deposits with a small number of samples, the sampling method and specifications can only be determined by analogy. When the workload is small, the test is of little significance. When necessary, take a small number of inspection samples. 2. Method test: In order to ensure the sampling quality, improve efficiency and reduce cost, the appropriate methods and specifications can be determined through experimental research. Generally, two conditions should be noted: (1) It is possible to accumulate certain sampling data on the basis of the analogy method; (2) When the sampling workload is quite large, the test is meaningful. The experimental research on sampling methods and specifications (and sample merging) described below is mainly based on some commonly used methods, but the experimental workload is generally large, how to use the preferred method to reduce the test workload, and achieve satisfactory results, It is a problem that should be studied in the future. 3. Sampling method test

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